1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440622
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Andrés Manuel del Río
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %1 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.00004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.12 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.5 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C1,890.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C3,380.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Blue-Silver Grey
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.3 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa600.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.5 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s4,560.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.3 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.2 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.4.1 Allen Electronegativity
5.6 Electropositivity
5.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.7 Ionization Energies
5.7.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.1.1 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,414.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.4.2 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,830.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.4.3 4th Energy Level
NA4,507.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.4.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,298.70 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.4.7 6th Energy Level
NA12,363.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
6.4.8 7th Energy level
NA14,530.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
6.5.2 8th Energy Level
NA16,730.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
6.5.4 9th Energy Level
NA19,860.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
6.5.6 10th Energy Level
NA22,240.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
6.6.1 11th Energy Level
NA24,670.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
6.7.1 12th Energy Level
NA29,730.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
6.7.2 13th Energy Level
NA32,446.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
6.9.1 14th Energy Level
NA86,450.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
6.10.1 15th Energy Level
NA94,170.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
6.12.1 16th Energy Level
NA102,300.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
7.1.2 17th Energy Level
NA112,700.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
7.1.3 18th Energy Level
NA121,600.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
7.1.5 19th Energy Level
NA130,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
7.2.1 20th Energy Level
NA143,400.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
7.2.2 21st Energy Level
NA151,440.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
7.3.1 22nd Energy Level
7.4.2 23rd Energy Level
7.4.3 24th Energy Level
7.4.5 25th Energy Level
7.5.2 26th Energy Level
7.5.3 27th Energy Level
7.5.5 28th Energy Level
7.5.6 29th Energy Level
7.5.8 30th Energy Level
7.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.38 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
7.8 Electron Work Function
8.2 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
9.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.5.3 Number of Neutrons
9.5.5 Number of Electrons
9.6 Radius of an Atom
9.6.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
9.6.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm153.00 pm
96
260
10.1.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
10.3 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu50.94 amu
6.94
294
10.5 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol8.78 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.7 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.7.1 Previous Element
10.7.2 Next Element
10.8 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)120.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm303.00 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm36.00 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm35.50 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.4 Viscosity
11.5 Vapor Pressure
11.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.23 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.6 Elasticity properties
11.6.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa47.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.6.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa160.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.6.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa128.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.7 Poisson Ratio
11.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m197.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol50.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.49 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K24.89 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K30.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)8.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol458.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol514.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K28.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1