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Thorium
Thorium

Ruthenium
Ruthenium



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Thorium Ruthenium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Th
Ru
1.2 Group Number
08
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
75
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74403267440188
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1829
In 1844
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %4 * 10-7 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000005 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
2.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %0.00 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
2.6.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %0.00 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
3.1.1 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
3.1.2 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
4.2.4 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C2,250.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
5.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C3,900.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
5.4 Appearance
5.4.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
5.4.2 Color
Silver
Silvery White
5.4.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
5.5 Hardness
5.5.1 Mohs Hardness
3.006.50
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
5.5.3 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
5.5.5 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPaNA
Palladium Metal
121 3430
5.7 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
Thallium Metal
818 16200
5.9 Optical Properties
5.9.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
5.9.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
5.12 Allotropes
5.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
Th
Ru
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
2826
Tennessine Metal
0 38
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.302.20
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
7.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
7.1.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.42
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
7.1.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
7.1.6 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.54
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
7.2 Electropositivity
7.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.701.80
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
7.3 Ionization Energies
7.3.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
7.4.1 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
Palladium
710.2162 28750
7.4.2 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
7.5.1 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/molNA
Tin
2780 37066
7.5.2 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
7.6.2 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
7.6.3 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
7.6.4 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
7.6.5 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
7.6.7 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
7.6.8 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
7.7.2 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
7.7.3 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
7.7.5 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
7.7.6 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
7.7.7 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
7.7.9 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
7.7.10 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
7.7.11 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
7.8.1 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
7.8.2 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
8.1.2 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
8.1.3 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
8.1.6 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
8.1.8 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
8.1.9 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
8.2.3 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
8.2.4 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
8.2.6 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
8.2.7 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
8.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
8.4 Electron Work Function
3.41 eV4.71 eV
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
9.2 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
9044
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
10.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
9044
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.6.1 Number of Neutrons
14257
Lithium Metal
4 184
10.7.1 Number of Electrons
9044
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.9 Radius of an Atom
10.9.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm134.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
10.10.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm146.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
10.10.3 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm200.00 pm
Zinc Metal
139 348
10.11 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu101.07 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
10.12 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
10.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.13.1 Previous Element
10.13.2 Next Element
10.14 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
10.16 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm270.59 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
10.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.58
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA10.65 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
11.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
11.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa173.00 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa220.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa447.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
0.270.30
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.7012.45
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
12.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
12.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
NA101.30 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
13.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
13.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1