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Lead
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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pb
Mc
1.2 Group Number
1415
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
67
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
p block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Probably Post-​Transition
1.6 CAS Number
743992154085642
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Not Available
1.8 Space Group Number
225.00NA
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Not Available
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Synthetically Produced
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 2003
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %NA
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  • Currently known uses of Ununpentium metal are limited to research purpose only.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Unknown
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
327.50 °C400.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C1,100.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Unknown
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Unknown Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pb
Mc
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
355
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.87NA
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55NA
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.85NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.67NA
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol538.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol1,756.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol2,653.30 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol4,679.50 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol5,721.60 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hrNA
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.25 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Ionization
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
82115
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Not Known
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
82115
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
125159
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
82115
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
175.00 pmNA
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pmNA
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pmNA
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
207.20 amu289.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/molNA
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)NA
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
495.08 pmNA
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
NA
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
12.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
5.60 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
16.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.44NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Unknown
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.35NA
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Unknown
8.2.2 Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·mNA
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm ΩNA
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/molNA
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)NA
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·KNA
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)NA
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/molNA
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/molNA
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1