Niobium

Magnesium

Niobium vs Magnesium

Niobium

Magnesium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

s block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Alkaline Earth

1.6 CAS Number

74400317439954

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).

Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.

2.2 Sources

By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Charles Hatchett

Joseph Black

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1801

In 1755

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2 * 10^-7 %6 * 10^-2 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000004 %~0.07 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %12.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %2.90 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.13 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.03 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.

It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.

Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Low Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-337.80 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.07 p.p.m.1,800.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

2,468.00 °C650.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,468.00 °C1,107.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

6.002.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

735.00 MPa260.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

870.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,480.00 m/s4,940.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA74.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1715

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.601.31

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.421.32

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.231.23

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA1.37

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.411.29

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.402.69

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

652.10 kJ/mol737.70 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,380.00 kJ/mol1,450.70 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,416.00 kJ/mol7,732.70 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,700.00 kJ/mol10,542.50 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

4,877.00 kJ/mol13,630.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,847.00 kJ/mol18,020.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,100.00 kJ/mol21,711.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA25,661.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA31,653.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA35,458.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA169,988.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA189,368.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.69 g/amp-hr0.45 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.30 eV3.66 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4112

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹

[Ne] 3s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4112

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

5212

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4112

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

146.00 pm160.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

164.00 pm141.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm173.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

92.91 amu24.31 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

10.87 cm3/mol13.97 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

104.00 (-eV)40.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

330.04 pm320.94 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.57 g/cm³1.74 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA1.58 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

330.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

38.00 GPa17.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

170.00 GPa45.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

105.00 GPa45.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.400.29

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.571.74

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

152.00 nΩ·m43.90 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.23 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

86.10 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.26 J/(kg K)1.02 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.60 J/mol·K24.87 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

53.70 W/m·K156.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

7.30 µm/(m·K)24.80 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

696.60 kJ/mol128.70 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

27.20 kJ/mol8.95 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

745.00 kJ/mol148.50 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

36.40 J/mol.K32.70 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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