1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.3 Period Number
2.5 Block
2.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
2.7 CAS Number
74401887440166
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
2.9 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
3.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
William Hyde Wollaston
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %6 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
3.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.8.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.8.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.9.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.9.4 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
4.3.1 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C1,966.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C3,727.00 °C
147
5660
7.5 Appearance
7.5.1 Physical State
7.5.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
7.5.3 Luster
7.6 Hardness
7.6.1 Mohs Hardness
7.8.3 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa980.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.8.5 Vickers Hardness
7.10 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s4,700.00 m/s
818
16200
7.11 Optical Properties
7.11.1 Refractive Index
7.11.2 Reflectivity
7.12 Allotropes
7.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.2 Electronegativity
9.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.5.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.6.1 Allen Electronegativity
9.8 Electropositivity
9.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.9 Ionization Energies
9.9.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol719.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.9.3 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,740.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.9.4 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,997.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.9.7 4th Energy Level
9.10.1 5th Energy Level
9.11.1 6th Energy Level
10.1.2 7th Energy level
10.1.5 8th Energy Level
10.1.7 9th Energy Level
10.2.3 10th Energy Level
10.2.4 11th Energy Level
10.2.6 12th Energy Level
10.2.8 13th Energy Level
10.2.9 14th Energy Level
10.2.10 15th Energy Level
11.1.1 16th Energy Level
11.2.1 17th Energy Level
11.3.1 18th Energy Level
11.3.2 19th Energy Level
11.4.1 20th Energy Level
11.5.1 21st Energy Level
11.5.2 22nd Energy Level
11.6.2 23rd Energy Level
11.6.3 24th Energy Level
11.6.4 25th Energy Level
11.6.6 26th Energy Level
11.6.7 27th Energy Level
11.6.9 28th Energy Level
11.7.1 29th Energy Level
11.7.2 30th Energy Level
11.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr1.28 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.9 Electron Work Function
11.10 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.4.2 Number of Neutrons
12.4.3 Number of Electrons
12.5 Radius of an Atom
12.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
12.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm142.00 pm
96
260
12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
12.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu102.91 amu
6.94
294
12.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.8.1 Previous Element
12.8.2 Next Element
12.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm380.34 pm
228.58
891.25
12.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm312.41 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm310.70 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.02 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa150.00 GPa
1.3
222
13.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa275.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa380.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.4 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m43.30 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.21 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol109.70 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K24.98 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K150.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)8.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
1.2 Enthalpy
1.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol495.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
1.3.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol21.76 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
1.3.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol556.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
1.5 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K31.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1