Strontium

Palladium

Strontium Palladium Comparison

Strontium

Palladium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

210

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Alkaline Earth

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74402467440053

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.

Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)

In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.

Palladium element is known as a good catalyst

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Cruickshank

William Hyde Wollaston

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1787

In 1803

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

4 * 10^-6 %2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000005 %~0.0000003 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.04 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.

Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.03 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

140.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

769.00 °C1,554.90 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,384.00 °C2,963.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.504.75

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA320.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA121.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA3,070.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NA1.72

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA84.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2738

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.952.20

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.72NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

0.991.35

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.00NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

0.961.59

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.051.80

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

549.50 kJ/mol520.23 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,064.20 kJ/mol7,298.22 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

4,138.00 kJ/mol11,815.13 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,500.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,910.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

8,760.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

10,230.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

11,800.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

15,600.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

17,100.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

31,270.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.64 g/amp-hr1.99 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.59 eV5.12 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

3846

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 5s²

[Kr] 4d¹⁰

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

3846

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

5060

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

3846

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

215.00 pm137.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

195.00 pm139.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

249.00 pm163.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

87.62 amu106.42 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

33.70 cm3/mol8.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

25.70 (-eV)33.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

608.49 pm389.07 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

2.64 g/cm³12.02 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.38 g/cm310.38 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

121.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

6.03 GPa44.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA180.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

15.70 GPa121.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.280.39

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable, Weldable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

2.6412.02

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

132.00 nΩ·m105.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 10⁶/cm Ω0.10 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

5.03 kJ/mol54.23 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.30 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·K25.98 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

35.40 W/m·K71.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

22.50 µm/(m·K)11.80 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

150.00 kJ/mol376.60 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

9.16 kJ/mol16.74 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

163.20 kJ/mol393.30 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

55.00 J/mol.K37.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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