Terbium

Cobalt

Terbium vs Cobalt

Terbium

Cobalt

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA9

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.5 Block

f block

d block

1.6 Element Family

Lanthanide

Transition Metal

1.7 CAS Number

74402797440484

7429905 54386242

1.8 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.9 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Carl Gustaf Mosander

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1842

In 1732

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10^-8 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.00000001 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

2.5.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.6.3 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.6.5 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Low Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.4 In Blood

NA0.04 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.6 In Bone

NA0.04 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,356.00 °C1,495.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

3,123.00 °C2,870.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA5.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.4 Brinell Hardness

677.00 MPa470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.6 Vickers Hardness

863.00 MPa1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,620.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-Cobalt

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-Cobalt

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2626

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

NA1.88

0.7 2.54

5.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA2.56

0.22 2.56

5.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.101.70

0.86 1.82

5.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.10 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.84

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

NA2.12

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

603.40 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.4 2nd Energy Level

1,174.80 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.6 3rd Energy Level

2,417.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.8 4th Energy Level

4,203.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.11 5th Energy Level

NA7,670.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.13 6th Energy Level

NA9,840.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.6.1 7th Energy level

NA12,440.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.7.1 8th Energy Level

NA15,230.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

6.1.1 9th Energy Level

NA17,959.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

6.2.1 10th Energy Level

NA26,570.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

6.4.2 11th Energy Level

NA29,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

6.4.4 12th Energy Level

NA32,400.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

6.4.6 13th Energy Level

NA36,600.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

6.5.2 14th Energy Level

NA39,700.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

6.5.5 15th Energy Level

NA42,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

6.6.1 16th Energy Level

NA49,396.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

6.6.2 17th Energy Level

NA52,737.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

6.7.1 18th Energy Level

NA134,810.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

6.7.2 19th Energy Level

NA145,170.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

6.9.1 20th Energy Level

NA154,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

6.10.1 21st Energy Level

NA167,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

6.10.2 22nd Energy Level

NA178,100.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

6.12.1 23rd Energy Level

NA189,300.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

7.1.2 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

7.1.4 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

7.1.5 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

7.2.1 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

7.2.2 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

7.4.2 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

7.4.3 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

7.5 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.98 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

7.7 Electron Work Function

3.00 eV5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

7.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Ionization

8 Atomic

8.1 Atomic Number

6522

3 117

8.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

8.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

8.3.1 Crystal Lattice

8.4 Atom

8.4.1 Number of Protons

6522

3 117

8.5.1 Number of Neutrons

9426

4 184

9.1.2 Number of Electrons

6522

3 117

9.2 Radius of an Atom

9.2.1 Atomic Radius

177.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

9.2.3 Covalent Radius

194.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

9.3.3 Van der Waals Radius

221.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

9.4 Atomic Weight

158.93 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

9.5 Atomic Volume

19.20 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.6 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.6.1 Previous Element

9.6.2 Next Element

9.7 Valence Electron Potential

46.80 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.2 Lattice Constant

360.10 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

10.4 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

10.5 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.58NA

1.567 1.886

11 Mechanical

11.1 Density

11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.23 g/cm³4.51 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

11.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

7.65 g/cm34.11 g/cm3

0.512 20

11.4 Tensile Strength

60.00 MPa434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

11.6 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

11.7 Vapor Pressure

11.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

11.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

12.50 (Pa)0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

11.8 Elasticity properties

11.8.1 Shear Modulus

22.10 GPa44.00 GPa

1.3 222

11.9.1 Bulk Modulus

38.70 GPa110.00 GPa

1.6 462

11.9.2 Young's Modulus

55.70 GPa116.00 GPa

1.7 528

11.10 Poisson Ratio

0.260.32

0.032 0.47

11.11 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

12 Magnetic

12.1 Magnetic Characteristics

12.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.234,500.00

0.53 4500

12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

12.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

12.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

12.2 Electrical Properties

12.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Poor Conductor

12.2.2 Resistivity

1.15 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.01 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

12.2.4 Electron Affinity

50.00 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

13 Thermal

13.1 Specific Heat

0.18 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

13.2 Molar Heat Capacity

28.91 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

13.3 Thermal Conductivity

11.10 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

13.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

13.5 Thermal Expansion

10.30 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

13.6 Enthalpy

13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

330.90 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

10.80 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

314.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

13.7 Standard Molar Entropy

73.20 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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