1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74403267440315
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %4 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000009 %
1E-08
0.1
3.3.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.6 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
-
Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
NA
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.38 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.1.40 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C231.90 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,270.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
6.3.3 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
7.1.1 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa50.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.2.1 Vickers Hardness
7.3 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s2,730.00 m/s
818
16200
7.6 Optical Properties
7.6.1 Refractive Index
7.6.3 Reflectivity
7.7 Allotropes
7.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
7.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
White Tin (Beta Tin)
7.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.6.3 Allen Electronegativity
9.3 Electropositivity
9.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol708.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,411.80 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.5.5 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,943.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.5.6 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol3,930.30 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.5.8 5th Energy Level
NA7,456.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.5.9 6th Energy Level
9.5.11 7th Energy level
9.5.12 8th Energy Level
9.6.2 9th Energy Level
9.7.2 10th Energy Level
9.7.4 11th Energy Level
9.7.6 12th Energy Level
9.7.8 13th Energy Level
9.7.11 14th Energy Level
9.7.13 15th Energy Level
9.7.14 16th Energy Level
9.7.16 17th Energy Level
9.7.18 18th Energy Level
9.7.20 19th Energy Level
9.7.21 20th Energy Level
9.7.23 21st Energy Level
9.7.24 22nd Energy Level
9.7.26 23rd Energy Level
9.7.27 24th Energy Level
9.7.28 25th Energy Level
9.7.30 26th Energy Level
9.7.31 27th Energy Level
9.7.33 28th Energy Level
9.7.35 29th Energy Level
9.7.36 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr1.11 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Tetragonal (TETR)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.4 Number of Neutrons
10.4.7 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.2 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm140.00 pm
112
265
10.5.4 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
10.5.6 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm217.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu118.71 amu
6.94
294
10.8 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol16.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.10.1 Previous Element
10.10.2 Next Element
10.11 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)83.50 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.12 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm583.18 pm
228.58
891.25
11.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm37.37 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.4.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.5 Tensile Strength
12.6 Viscosity
12.7 Vapor Pressure
12.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.9 Elasticity properties
12.9.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa18.00 GPa
1.3
222
12.9.3 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa58.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.9.5 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa50.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.11 Poisson Ratio
12.13 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
13.1.3 Permeability
13.3.1 Susceptibility
13.4 Electrical Properties
13.4.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Superconductor
13.4.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m115.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.7.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.09 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.1.2 Electron Affinity
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K27.11 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.5 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K66.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.7 Critical Temperature
15.8 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)22.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.10 Enthalpy
15.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol290.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.10.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol7.03 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.10.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol301.30 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.12 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K51.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1