1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74406777440553
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.12 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.5 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,852.00 °C29.78 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C2,403.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.7 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
4.7 Optical Properties
4.7.1 Refractive Index
4.8.1 Reflectivity
4.9 Allotropes
4.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.3 Isotopes
5.3.1 Known Isotopes
6.2 Electronegativity
6.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.5.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.5.7 Allen Electronegativity
6.7 Electropositivity
6.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.8 Ionization Energies
6.8.1 1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.9.1 2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.9.2 3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.10.1 4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol6,180.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.12.1 5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
6.13.1 6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
6.15.1 7th Energy level
7.1.2 8th Energy Level
7.1.3 9th Energy Level
7.1.5 10th Energy Level
7.2.1 11th Energy Level
7.4.2 12th Energy Level
7.4.3 13th Energy Level
7.5.2 14th Energy Level
7.5.3 15th Energy Level
7.5.5 16th Energy Level
7.5.7 17th Energy Level
7.5.8 18th Energy Level
7.7.1 19th Energy Level
8.1.2 20th Energy Level
8.1.5 21st Energy Level
8.1.7 22nd Energy Level
8.2.3 23rd Energy Level
8.2.4 24th Energy Level
8.2.6 25th Energy Level
8.2.7 26th Energy Level
8.2.9 27th Energy Level
8.2.10 28th Energy Level
9.1.1 29th Energy Level
9.2.1 30th Energy Level
9.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.5 Electron Work Function
9.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
10.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.6.2 Number of Neutrons
10.6.4 Number of Electrons
10.7 Radius of an Atom
10.7.1 Atomic Radius
160.00 pm135.00 pm
112
265
10.8.1 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
10.8.2 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm187.00 pm
139
348
10.9 Atomic Weight
91.22 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
10.10 Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.11.1 Previous Element
10.11.2 Next Element
10.12 Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.13 Lattice Constant
323.20 pm451.97 pm
228.58
891.25
10.14 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa9.80 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1