1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.3 Block
2.4 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
2.5 CAS Number
74404397440451
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
2.9 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
3.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
4.1.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.3 Abundance In Meteorites
4.3.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.5.3 Abundance In Oceans
4.7.1 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.4.2 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
7.3 Boiling Point
765.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
7.6 Appearance
7.6.1 Physical State
7.6.2 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silvery White
7.6.3 Luster
7.7 Hardness
7.7.1 Mohs Hardness
7.10.1 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.1.3 Vickers Hardness
8.5 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
8.7 Optical Properties
8.7.1 Refractive Index
8.7.3 Reflectivity
8.8 Allotropes
8.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
10.2 Electronegativity
10.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
11.1.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
11.2.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
11.4.1 Allen Electronegativity
11.7 Electropositivity
11.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.8 Ionization Energies
11.8.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.9.1 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.9.2 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.9.3 4th Energy Level
NA3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.9.4 5th Energy Level
NA6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
11.9.5 6th Energy Level
NA7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
11.9.6 7th Energy level
11.9.7 8th Energy Level
11.9.8 9th Energy Level
11.9.9 10th Energy Level
11.9.10 11th Energy Level
11.9.11 12th Energy Level
11.9.12 13th Energy Level
11.9.13 14th Energy Level
11.9.14 15th Energy Level
11.9.15 16th Energy Level
11.9.16 17th Energy Level
11.9.17 18th Energy Level
11.9.18 19th Energy Level
11.9.19 20th Energy Level
11.9.20 21st Energy Level
11.9.21 22nd Energy Level
11.9.22 23rd Energy Level
11.9.23 24th Energy Level
11.9.24 25th Energy Level
11.9.25 26th Energy Level
11.9.26 27th Energy Level
11.9.27 28th Energy Level
11.9.28 29th Energy Level
11.9.29 30th Energy Level
11.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.11 Electron Work Function
11.12 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.4.2 Number of Neutrons
12.4.3 Number of Electrons
12.5 Radius of an Atom
12.5.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
12.5.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
12.6 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
12.7 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.8.1 Previous Element
12.8.2 Next Element
12.9 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
12.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
13.5.2 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
13.5.3 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.4 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1