1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74405537440086
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.5.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
2.6.1 Abundance In Meteorites
2.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.2 Abundance In Oceans
2.5.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
3.2.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
3.2.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.2.3 Other Uses
3.3 Biological Properties
3.3.1 Toxicity
3.3.2 Present in Human Body
3.3.3 In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.3.5 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
29.78 °C254.00 °C
27
3410
5.5 Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C962.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.8.2 Brinell Hardness
5.9.2 Vickers Hardness
5.13 Speed of Sound
5.16 Optical Properties
5.16.1 Refractive Index
6.1.2 Reflectivity
7.3 Allotropes
7.3.1 α Allotropes
7.3.2 β Allotropes
7.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.5 Electronegativity
8.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.3.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
9.7 Electropositivity
9.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.8 Ionization Energies
9.8.1 1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.1.2 2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/molNA
710.2162
28750
10.1.3 3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
10.1.7 4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
10.3.3 5th Energy Level
10.4.2 6th Energy Level
10.4.5 7th Energy level
11.2.2 8th Energy Level
11.2.4 9th Energy Level
12.1.1 10th Energy Level
12.3.1 11th Energy Level
12.4.2 12th Energy Level
12.6.2 13th Energy Level
12.6.3 14th Energy Level
12.6.6 15th Energy Level
12.6.7 16th Energy Level
12.6.9 17th Energy Level
12.7.2 18th Energy Level
12.9.2 19th Energy Level
12.9.3 20th Energy Level
12.9.5 21st Energy Level
12.9.6 22nd Energy Level
12.9.7 23rd Energy Level
12.9.9 24th Energy Level
12.9.10 25th Energy Level
12.9.12 26th Energy Level
12.9.13 27th Energy Level
12.9.15 28th Energy Level
12.9.17 29th Energy Level
12.9.19 30th Energy Level
12.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.11 Electron Work Function
12.12 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
13.3 Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Monoclinic (MON)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
13.4.3 Number of Neutrons
13.4.5 Number of Electrons
13.5 Radius of an Atom
13.5.1 Atomic Radius
135.00 pm168.00 pm
112
265
13.5.3 Covalent Radius
122.00 pm140.00 pm
96
260
13.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm197.00 pm
139
348
13.6 Atomic Weight
69.72 amu209.00 amu
6.94
294
13.7 Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
13.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.8.1 Previous Element
13.8.2 Next Element
13.9 Valence Electron Potential
13.10 Lattice Constant
451.97 pm335.90 pm
228.58
891.25
13.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
13.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
14 Mechanical
14.1 Density
14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
14.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
14.2 Tensile Strength
14.3 Viscosity
14.4 Vapor Pressure
14.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
14.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
14.6 Elasticity properties
14.6.1 Shear Modulus
14.7.1 Bulk Modulus
15.1.1 Young's Modulus
15.5 Poisson Ratio
15.6 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
16.1.4 Permeability
16.1.5 Susceptibility
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.3.4 Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.3 Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.5 Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.9 Critical Temperature
17.10 Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
18.2 Enthalpy
18.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
18.2.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
18.2.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
18.4 Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1