Lead

Zirconium

Lead Zirconium Comparison

Lead

Zirconium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

144

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.5 Block

p block

d block

1.6 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.7 CAS Number

74399217440677

7429905 54386242

1.8 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.9 Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.

Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Martin Heinrich Klaproth

2.3.2 Discovery

In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)

In 1789

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %5 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.5.1 Abundance In Sun

~0.000001 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.6.1 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.9.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.1.2 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.1.3 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.

As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.

Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

0.21 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.3.1 In Bone

30.00 p.p.m.0.10 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

327.50 °C1,852.00 °C

27 3410

5.3 Boiling Point

1,740.00 °C4,377.00 °C

147 5660

5.5 Appearance

5.5.1 Physical State

Solid

5.5.2 Color

Gray

Silvery White

5.5.3 Luster

Metallic

Lustrous

5.6 Hardness

5.6.1 Mohs Hardness

1.505.00

0.2 8.5

5.6.3 Brinell Hardness

38.00 MPa638.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.6.5 Vickers Hardness

NA820.00 MPa

121 3430

5.7 Speed of Sound

1,190.00 m/s3,800.00 m/s

818 16200

5.9 Optical Properties

5.9.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

5.9.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

6.2 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.2.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

6.2.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

6.2.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

3524

0 38

7.3 Electronegativity

7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.871.33

0.7 2.54

7.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.290.90

0.22 2.56

7.4.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.551.22

0.86 1.82

7.4.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.41NA

0.62 2.48

7.4.6 Allen Electronegativity

1.851.32

0.659 2.7

7.5 Electropositivity

7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.672.67

1.46 3.3

8.2 Ionization Energies

8.2.1 1st Energy Level

715.60 kJ/mol640.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

8.3.1 2nd Energy Level

1,450.50 kJ/mol1,270.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

8.3.2 3rd Energy Level

3,081.50 kJ/mol2,218.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.4.1 4th Energy Level

4,083.00 kJ/mol3,313.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.4.2 5th Energy Level

6,640.00 kJ/mol7,752.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

8.4.3 6th Energy Level

NA9,500.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

8.5.1 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

8.5.2 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

8.6.1 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

8.6.2 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

8.7.2 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

8.7.3 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

8.7.5 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

8.7.6 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

8.7.7 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

8.7.9 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

8.7.10 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

8.8.1 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

8.8.2 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

8.8.3 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

8.8.4 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

8.8.5 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

8.8.6 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

8.8.7 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.8.8 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.8.9 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.8.10 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.8.11 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.8.12 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.8.13 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.9 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.87 g/amp-hr0.85 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.10 Electron Work Function

4.25 eV4.05 eV

2.14 5.65

8.11 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

8240

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

[Kr] 4d² 5s²

9.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

8240

3 117

9.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12551

4 184

9.4.3 Number of Electrons

8240

3 117

9.5 Radius of an Atom

9.5.1 Atomic Radius

175.00 pm160.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 Covalent Radius

146.00 pm175.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

202.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Atomic Weight

207.20 amu91.22 amu

6.94 294

9.7 Atomic Volume

18.17 cm3/mol14.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.8.1 Previous Element

9.8.2 Next Element

9.9 Valence Electron Potential

24.20 (-eV)80.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Lattice Constant

495.08 pm323.20 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

10 Mechanical

10.1 Density

10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.34 g/cm³6.52 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.66 g/cm35.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Tensile Strength

12.00 MPa330.00 MPa

2.5 11000

10.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 Vapor Pressure

10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.64 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

10.5 Elasticity properties

10.5.1 Shear Modulus

5.60 GPa33.00 GPa

1.3 222

10.5.2 Bulk Modulus

46.00 GPa91.10 GPa

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young's Modulus

16.00 GPa88.00 GPa

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson Ratio

0.440.34

0.032 0.47

10.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

11 Magnetic

11.1 Magnetic Characteristics

11.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.356.51

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

11.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Electrical Properties

11.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

Conductor

11.2.2 Resistivity

208.00 nΩ·m421.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.05 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 Electron Affinity

35.10 kJ/mol41.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

12 Thermal

12.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)0.27 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.65 J/mol·K25.36 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

12.3 Thermal Conductivity

35.30 W/m·K22.60 W/m·K

6.3 429

12.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

12.5 Thermal Expansion

28.90 µm/(m·K)5.70 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

12.6 Enthalpy

12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

179.40 kJ/mol581.60 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.77 kJ/mol20.90 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

194.60 kJ/mol598.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

12.7 Standard Molar Entropy

64.80 J/mol.K39.00 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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