1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.6 Period Number
1.10 Block
1.11 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.12 CAS Number
74402027440279
7429905
54386242
2.4 Space Group Name
2.6 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
- Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Carl Gustaf Mosander
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %5 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
4.3.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.00000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
4.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
5.2.4 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
-
Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
7.1.1 Other Uses
7.2 Biological Properties
7.2.1 Toxicity
7.2.2 Present in Human Body
7.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
7.3.1 In Bone
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
1,539.00 °C1,356.00 °C
27
3410
9.3 Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C3,123.00 °C
147
5660
9.6 Appearance
9.6.1 Physical State
9.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
9.6.3 Luster
9.7 Hardness
9.7.1 Mohs Hardness
11.2.2 Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa677.00 MPa
0.14
3490
11.4.2 Vickers Hardness
11.7 Speed of Sound
11.9 Optical Properties
11.9.1 Refractive Index
11.10.4 Reflectivity
11.11 Allotropes
11.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12 Chemical
12.1 Chemical Formula
12.2 Isotopes
12.2.1 Known Isotopes
12.3 Electronegativity
12.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
12.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
12.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
12.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
13.2.3 Allen Electronegativity
13.4 Electropositivity
13.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
13.5 Ionization Energies
13.5.1 1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol603.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
13.5.5 2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol1,174.80 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
13.5.9 3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol2,417.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
13.5.14 4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol4,203.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
13.5.18 5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
13.5.22 6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
13.7.1 7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
14.1.1 8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
14.4.3 9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
14.4.5 10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
14.5.2 11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
14.5.6 12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
14.7.1 13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
14.9.2 14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
15.1.2 15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
15.1.5 16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
15.2.2 17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
15.4.2 18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
15.5.2 19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
15.5.5 20th Energy Level
15.5.7 21st Energy Level
15.6.1 22nd Energy Level
16.1.5 23rd Energy Level
16.1.7 24th Energy Level
16.2.4 25th Energy Level
16.2.6 26th Energy Level
16.2.9 27th Energy Level
17.2.1 28th Energy Level
17.3.1 29th Energy Level
17.4.1 30th Energy Level
17.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr1.98 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
17.8 Electron Work Function
17.9 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
18 Atomic
18.1 Atomic Number
18.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f9 6s2
18.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
18.3.1 Crystal Lattice
18.4 Atom
18.4.1 Number of Protons
18.5.3 Number of Neutrons
18.5.7 Number of Electrons
18.8 Radius of an Atom
18.8.1 Atomic Radius
162.00 pm177.00 pm
112
265
19.1.1 Covalent Radius
170.00 pm194.00 pm
96
260
19.4.2 Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm221.00 pm
139
348
19.5 Atomic Weight
44.96 amu158.93 amu
6.94
294
19.6 Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol19.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
19.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
19.8.1 Previous Element
19.8.2 Next Element
19.9 Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)46.80 (-eV)
8
392.42
19.11 Lattice Constant
330.90 pm360.10 pm
228.58
891.25
19.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
19.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
20 Mechanical
20.1 Density
20.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm38.23 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
21.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm37.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
21.2 Tensile Strength
21.5 Viscosity
21.7 Vapor Pressure
21.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
21.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)12.50 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
21.9 Elasticity properties
21.9.1 Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa22.10 GPa
1.3
222
21.9.3 Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa38.70 GPa
1.6
462
21.9.4 Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa55.70 GPa
1.7
528
21.10 Poisson Ratio
21.12 Other Mechanical Properties
22 Magnetic
22.1 Magnetic Characteristics
22.1.1 Specific Gravity
23.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
23.1.3 Permeability
23.1.6 Susceptibility
23.2 Electrical Properties
23.2.1 Electrical Property
23.2.2 Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m1.15 nΩ·m
0.18
961
23.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
23.3.4 Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
24 Thermal
24.1 Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.18 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
24.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K28.91 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
25.2 Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K11.10 W/m·K
6.3
429
25.4 Critical Temperature
25.6 Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)10.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
25.7 Enthalpy
25.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol330.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
25.8.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol10.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
25.9.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
25.11 Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K73.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1