1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74406557440451
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
-
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,523.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
190.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
88.91 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
364.74 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1