Yttrium

Cerium

Yttrium vs Cerium

Yttrium

Cerium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

3NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

74406557440451

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.

Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.

It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.

Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Johan Gadolin

Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1794

In 1803

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

7 * 10^-7 %1 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.0000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.

It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.

Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Moderately Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.07 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,523.00 °C795.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

3,337.00 °C3,257.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA2.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

589.00 MPa186.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA210.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,300.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1930

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.221.12

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.65NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.111.08

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.12NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.782.88

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

600.00 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,180.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

1,980.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,847.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,430.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

8,970.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

11,190.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

12,450.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

14,110.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

18,400.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

19,900.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

36,090.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.11 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.10 eV2.84 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

3958

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²

[Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

3958

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

5082

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

3958

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

180.00 pm181.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

190.00 pm204.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm235.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

88.91 amu140.12 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

19.80 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

48.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

364.74 pm362.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.57NA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

4.47 g/cm³6.77 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

4.24 g/cm36.55 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

4.27 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

25.60 GPa13.50 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

41.20 GPa21.50 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

63.50 GPa33.60 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.240.24

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

4.476.77

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

596.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.01 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

29.60 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.30 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.53 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

17.20 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

10.60 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

393.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

17.15 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

418.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

44.40 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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