1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.8 CAS Number
74406557440473
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1794
In Between 1797 - 1798
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %1.5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.5.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.8 Abundance In Oceans
3.5.10 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
-
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.3.2 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.4.2 In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,523.00 °C1,857.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C2,672.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
5.3.3 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.4.4 Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa687.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.4.6 Vickers Hardness
5.5 Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s5,940.00 m/s
818
16200
5.6 Optical Properties
5.6.1 Refractive Index
5.6.2 Reflectivity
5.7 Allotropes
5.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.3 Electronegativity
6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.3.9 Allen Electronegativity
6.4 Electropositivity
6.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.5 Ionization Energies
6.5.1 1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.5.4 3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.5.6 4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.5.9 5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.5.10 6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
6.5.12 7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
6.5.14 8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
6.5.16 9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
6.5.18 10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
6.5.20 11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
6.5.22 12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
6.5.24 13th Energy Level
NA34,230.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
6.6.1 14th Energy Level
NA37,066.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
6.7.1 15th Energy Level
NA97,510.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
7.1.1 16th Energy Level
NA105,800.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
7.1.2 17th Energy Level
NA114,300.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
7.4.2 18th Energy Level
NA125,300.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
7.4.4 19th Energy Level
NA134,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
7.4.5 20th Energy Level
NA144,300.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
7.4.7 21st Energy Level
NA157,700.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
7.4.8 22nd Energy Level
NA166,090.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
7.5.2 23rd Energy Level
7.5.3 24th Energy Level
7.5.5 25th Energy Level
7.5.7 26th Energy Level
7.6.1 27th Energy Level
7.6.2 28th Energy Level
7.7.1 29th Energy Level
7.7.2 30th Energy Level
7.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
7.11 Electron Work Function
7.13 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
9.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.3 Number of Neutrons
9.5.1 Number of Electrons
9.7 Radius of an Atom
9.7.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
9.8.2 Covalent Radius
190.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
9.8.4 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
9.10 Atomic Weight
88.91 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
9.11 Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.12 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.12.1 Previous Element
9.12.2 Next Element
9.13 Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
9.15 Lattice Constant
364.74 pm291.00 pm
228.58
891.25
9.16 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.5 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm36.30 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.3 Tensile Strength
11.4 Viscosity
11.5 Vapor Pressure
11.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)774.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.6 Elasticity properties
11.6.1 Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa115.00 GPa
1.3
222
12.1.1 Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa160.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.2.1 Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa279.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.4 Poisson Ratio
12.6 Other Mechanical Properties
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
13.2.2 Permeability
13.2.3 Susceptibility
13.4 Electrical Properties
13.4.1 Electrical Property
13.4.2 Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.4.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.4.6 Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
14.3 Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
14.4 Critical Temperature
14.5 Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
14.6 Enthalpy
14.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
14.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
14.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
14.7 Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1