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Gallium
Gallium

Rubidium
Rubidium



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Gallium Rubidium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ga
Rb
1.2 Group Number
131
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.6 Period Number
45
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.9 Block
p block
s block
1.10 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Alkali
1.11 CAS Number
74405537440177
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.12 Space Group Name
Cmca
Im_ 3m
1.13 Space Group Number
64.00229.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
3.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1875
In 1861
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.000003 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
3.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
3.4.8 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
3.4.10 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
5.2.4 In Bone
NA5.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
29.78 °C38.89 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
7.2 Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C688.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
7.3 Appearance
7.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
7.4.1 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
7.4.2 Luster
Metallic
NA
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
1.500.30
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
7.5.2 Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa0.22 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
7.7.2 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium Metal
121 3430
7.8 Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s
Thallium Metal
818 16200
7.9 Optical Properties
7.9.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
7.9.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
7.11 Allotropes
7.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
Ga
Rb
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
2429
Tennessine Metal
0 38
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.810.82
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
8.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.420.31
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
9.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.820.89
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
9.2.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.010.69
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
9.3.2 Allen Electronegativity
1.760.71
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
9.4 Electropositivity
9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.193.18
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
9.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
9.5.4 3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
9.5.6 4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol
Thorium Metal
2780 37066
9.6.2 5th Energy Level
NA6,850.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
9.7.2 6th Energy Level
NA8,140.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
9.7.3 7th Energy level
NA9,570.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
9.7.5 8th Energy Level
NA13,120.00 kJ/mol
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
9.7.7 9th Energy Level
NA14,500.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
9.7.8 10th Energy Level
NA26,740.00 kJ/mol
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
9.7.10 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
9.7.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
9.7.14 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
9.7.16 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
9.7.18 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
9.7.19 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
9.7.21 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
9.7.23 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
9.7.25 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
9.7.26 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
9.7.28 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
9.7.29 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
9.7.31 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
9.7.32 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
9.7.34 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
9.7.35 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
9.7.37 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
9.7.39 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
9.7.40 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
9.7.42 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
4.20 eV2.16 eV
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
3137
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Kr] 5s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
3137
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.4.4 Number of Neutrons
3948
Lithium Metal
4 184
10.4.6 Number of Electrons
3137
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
135.00 pm248.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
10.5.3 Covalent Radius
122.00 pm220.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
10.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm303.00 pm
Zinc Metal
139 348
10.6 Atomic Weight
69.72 amu85.47 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
10.8 Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
10.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.10.1 Previous Element
10.10.2 Next Element
10.11 Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
11.2 Lattice Constant
451.97 pm558.50 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
11.3 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.4 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
12.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
12.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
12.4 Vapor Pressure
12.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
12.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
12.6 Elasticity properties
12.6.1 Shear Modulus
NANA
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
12.6.3 Bulk Modulus
NA2.50 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
12.7.1 Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa2.40 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
12.9 Poisson Ratio
0.47NA
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
12.10 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
5.911.53
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
13.3.1 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
13.3.2 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
13.4.1 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
13.6 Electrical Properties
13.6.1 Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
13.7.1 Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
14.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
14.1.4 Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
15.3 Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
15.5 Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
15.7 Critical Temperature
NA2,093.00 K
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
15.8 Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
15.10 Enthalpy
15.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
15.10.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
15.10.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
15.11 Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1