Gallium

Magnesium

Gallium vs Magnesium

Gallium

Magnesium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

132

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

s block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Alkaline Earth

1.6 CAS Number

74405537439954

7429905 54386242

1.3 Space Group Name

Cmca

P63/mmc

1.4 Space Group Number

64.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.

Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

Joseph Black

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1875

In 1755

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %6 * 10^-2 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %~0.07 %

1E-08 0.1

2.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %12.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.8.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %2.90 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.10.1 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.13 %

2E-23 1.1

2.10.2 Abundance In Humans

NA0.03 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.

Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.

Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

0.08 Blood/mg dm-337.80 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.2.5 In Bone

NA1,800.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

29.78 °C650.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

2,403.00 °C1,107.00 °C

147 5660

5.3 Appearance

5.3.1 Physical State

Solid

5.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Gray

5.3.3 Luster

Metallic

5.4 Hardness

5.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.502.50

0.2 8.5

5.4.3 Brinell Hardness

56.80 MPa260.00 MPa

0.14 3490

6.2.4 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

6.3 Speed of Sound

2,740.00 m/s4,940.00 m/s

818 16200

7.2 Optical Properties

7.2.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

7.2.2 Reflectivity

NA74.00 %

58 97

7.4 Allotropes

✔ ✘

7.4.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

7.4.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

7.4.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

8 Chemical

8.1 Chemical Formula

8.2 Isotopes

8.2.1 Known Isotopes

2415

0 38

8.4 Electronegativity

8.4.2 Pauling Electronegativity

1.811.31

0.7 2.54

8.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.421.32

0.22 2.56

8.5.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.821.23

0.86 1.82

8.5.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.011.37

0.62 2.48

8.5.7 Allen Electronegativity

1.761.29

0.659 2.7

8.7 Electropositivity

8.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.192.69

1.46 3.3

8.9 Ionization Energies

8.9.1 1st Energy Level

578.80 kJ/mol737.70 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

9.0.4 2nd Energy Level

1,979.30 kJ/mol1,450.70 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

9.2.2 3rd Energy Level

2,963.00 kJ/mol7,732.70 kJ/mol

1600 34230

9.3.2 4th Energy Level

6,180.00 kJ/mol10,542.50 kJ/mol

2780 37066

9.3.3 5th Energy Level

NA13,630.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

9.3.5 6th Energy Level

NA18,020.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

9.3.6 7th Energy level

NA21,711.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

9.3.8 8th Energy Level

NA25,661.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

9.3.10 9th Energy Level

NA31,653.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

9.3.12 10th Energy Level

NA35,458.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

9.3.13 11th Energy Level

NA169,988.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

9.4.2 12th Energy Level

NA189,368.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

9.5.2 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

9.5.5 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

9.5.6 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

9.5.8 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

9.5.10 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

9.5.11 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

9.5.13 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

9.5.15 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

9.5.16 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

9.5.18 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

9.5.20 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

9.5.21 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

9.5.23 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

9.5.24 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

9.5.26 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

9.5.27 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

9.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

9.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.87 g/amp-hr0.45 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

9.7 Electron Work Function

4.20 eV3.66 eV

2.14 5.65

9.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility

10 Atomic

10.1 Atomic Number

3112

3 117

10.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹

[Ne] 3s²

10.3 Crystal Structure

Orthorhombic (ORTH)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

10.3.1 Crystal Lattice

10.4 Atom

10.4.1 Number of Protons

3112

3 117

10.4.4 Number of Neutrons

3912

4 184

10.4.6 Number of Electrons

3112

3 117

10.5 Radius of an Atom

10.5.1 Atomic Radius

135.00 pm160.00 pm

112 265

10.5.4 Covalent Radius

122.00 pm141.00 pm

96 260

10.5.6 Van der Waals Radius

187.00 pm173.00 pm

139 348

10.6 Atomic Weight

69.72 amu24.31 amu

6.94 294

10.7 Atomic Volume

11.80 cm3/mol13.97 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

10.8.1 Previous Element

10.8.2 Next Element

10.9 Valence Electron Potential

69.70 (-eV)40.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.11 Lattice Constant

451.97 pm320.94 pm

228.58 891.25

10.13 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

10.14 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

11 Mechanical

11.1 Density

11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

5.91 g/cm³1.74 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

12.1.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.10 g/cm31.58 g/cm3

0.512 20

12.5 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

12.6 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

12.7 Vapor Pressure

12.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

12.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

12.8 Elasticity properties

12.8.1 Shear Modulus

NA17.00 GPa

1.3 222

12.9.3 Bulk Modulus

NA45.00 GPa

1.6 462

12.9.5 Young's Modulus

9.80 GPa45.00 GPa

1.7 528

12.11 Poisson Ratio

0.470.29

0.032 0.47

12.12 Other Mechanical Properties

13 Magnetic

13.1 Magnetic Characteristics

13.1.1 Specific Gravity

5.911.74

0.53 4500

13.2.1 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

13.2.2 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

13.2.3 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

13.5 Electrical Properties

13.5.1 Electrical Property

Semiconductor

Conductor

13.5.2 Resistivity

270.00 nΩ·m43.90 nΩ·m

0.18 961

13.6.1 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.23 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

13.8.1 Electron Affinity

28.90 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

15 Thermal

15.1 Specific Heat

0.37 J/(kg K)1.02 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

15.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.86 J/mol·K24.87 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

15.4 Thermal Conductivity

40.60 W/m·K156.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

15.7 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

15.8 Thermal Expansion

18.00 µm/(m·K)24.80 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

15.10 Enthalpy

15.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

256.10 kJ/mol128.70 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

15.10.3 Enthalpy of Fusion

5.59 kJ/mol8.95 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

15.10.5 Enthalpy of Atomization

276.10 kJ/mol148.50 kJ/mol

61.5 837

15.12 Standard Molar Entropy

40.80 J/mol.K32.70 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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