Palladium

Scandium

Palladium vs Scandium

Palladium

Scandium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

103

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74400537440202

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)

In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.

Palladium element is known as a good catalyst

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

2.2 Sources

Ores of metals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Hyde Wollaston

Lars Fredrik Nilson

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1803

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2 * 10^-7 %3 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000003 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NA0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,554.90 °C1,539.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,963.00 °C2,832.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

4.75NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

320.00 MPa750.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

121.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,070.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

1.72NA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

84.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3813

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.201.36

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.02

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.351.20

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.591.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.802.64

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

520.23 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

7,298.22 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

11,815.13 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA7,090.60 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA8,843.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA10,679.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA13,310.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA15,250.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA17,370.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA21,726.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA24,102.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA66,320.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA73,010.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA80,160.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA89,490.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA97,400.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA105,600.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA117,000.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA124,270.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.99 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.12 eV3.50 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4621

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹⁰

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4621

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

6024

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4621

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

137.00 pm162.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm170.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

163.00 pm211.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

106.42 amu44.96 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

8.90 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

33.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

389.07 pm330.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

12.02 g/cm³2.99 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.38 g/cm32.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)91.30 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

44.00 GPa29.10 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

180.00 GPa56.60 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

121.00 GPa74.40 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.390.28

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable, Weldable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

12.022.99

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

105.40 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.10 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

54.23 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.24 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.98 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

71.80 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

11.80 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

376.60 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

16.74 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

393.30 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

37.60 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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