1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.6 Block
2.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
2.8 CAS Number
74401667440702
7429905
54386242
2.9 Space Group Name
2.10 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
3.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Humphry Davy
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %7 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.007 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
4.2.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.1.1 Abundance In Oceans
5.1.2 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
6.1.3 Other Uses
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NA60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.4.2 In Bone
NA170,000.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
1,966.00 °C839.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C1,484.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.6.2 Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa170.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.2.2 Vickers Hardness
8.4 Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
8.5 Optical Properties
8.5.1 Refractive Index
8.5.2 Reflectivity
8.6 Allotropes
8.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.5.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.5.6 Allen Electronegativity
9.6 Electropositivity
9.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.7 Ionization Energies
9.7.1 1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.7.3 2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.5 3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.7.7 4th Energy Level
NA6,491.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.9 5th Energy Level
NA8,153.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.7.11 6th Energy Level
NA10,496.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.7.13 7th Energy level
NA12,270.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.7.15 8th Energy Level
NA14,206.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.7.17 9th Energy Level
NA18,191.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.7.19 10th Energy Level
NA20,385.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.7.21 11th Energy Level
NA57,110.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.7.23 12th Energy Level
NA63,410.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
9.7.25 13th Energy Level
NA70,110.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.7.27 14th Energy Level
NA78,890.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.7.30 15th Energy Level
NA86,310.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.7.32 16th Energy Level
NA94,000.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.7.34 17th Energy Level
NA104,900.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.7.36 18th Energy Level
NA111,711.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.7.39 19th Energy Level
9.7.41 20th Energy Level
9.7.43 21st Energy Level
9.7.45 22nd Energy Level
9.7.47 23rd Energy Level
9.7.49 24th Energy Level
9.8.1 25th Energy Level
9.8.2 26th Energy Level
9.9.1 27th Energy Level
10.1.1 28th Energy Level
10.1.2 29th Energy Level
10.1.3 30th Energy Level
10.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.6 Electron Work Function
10.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
11.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.6.1 Number of Neutrons
11.7.1 Number of Electrons
11.11 Radius of an Atom
11.11.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm197.00 pm
112
265
11.13.1 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm176.00 pm
96
260
12.1.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm231.00 pm
139
348
12.4 Atomic Weight
102.91 amu40.08 amu
6.94
294
12.6 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.8.1 Previous Element
12.8.2 Next Element
12.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
380.34 pm558.84 pm
228.58
891.25
13.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
13.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
14 Mechanical
14.1 Density
14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm31.55 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
14.2.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm31.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
14.3 Tensile Strength
1.3 Viscosity
2.2 Vapor Pressure
2.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA25.50 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
2.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.6 Elasticity properties
2.6.1 Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa7.40 GPa
1.3
222
2.7.2 Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa17.00 GPa
1.6
462
2.8.2 Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa20.00 GPa
1.7
528
2.10 Poisson Ratio
2.13 Other Mechanical Properties
3 Magnetic
3.1 Magnetic Characteristics
3.1.1 Specific Gravity
3.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
3.2.3 Permeability
3.2.5 Susceptibility
3.3 Electrical Properties
3.3.1 Electrical Property
3.3.2 Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m
0.18
961
3.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.30 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
3.3.6 Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol
0
222.8
2 Thermal
2.2 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
2.3 Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
2.4 Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
2.5 Critical Temperature
2.6 Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
2.7 Enthalpy
2.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
2.8.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
2.9.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
2.10 Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1