1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.3 Block
2.4 Element Family
2.5 CAS Number
74402027440177
7429905
54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
2.7 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.000003 %
1E-08
0.1
3.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites
5.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.5.2 Abundance In Oceans
5.6.1 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.3.2 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.5.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
1,539.00 °C38.89 °C
27
3410
7.4 Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C688.00 °C
147
5660
7.6 Appearance
7.6.1 Physical State
7.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
7.6.3 Luster
7.7 Hardness
7.7.1 Mohs Hardness
7.8.2 Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0.14
3490
7.10.1 Vickers Hardness
7.13 Speed of Sound
8.2 Optical Properties
8.2.1 Refractive Index
8.2.2 Reflectivity
8.3 Allotropes
8.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.6.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.7.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.7.4 Allen Electronegativity
9.8 Electropositivity
9.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.10 Ionization Energies
9.10.1 1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.10.2 2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.1.2 3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
10.1.6 4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.2.3 5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol6,850.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
10.2.5 6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol8,140.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
10.2.6 7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol9,570.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
10.2.8 8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol13,120.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
11.1.1 9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol14,500.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
11.1.2 10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol26,740.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
11.2.1 11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
11.3.1 12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
11.3.2 13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
11.4.1 14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
11.5.1 15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
11.6.2 16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
11.6.3 17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
11.6.5 18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
11.6.7 19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
11.7.1 20th Energy Level
11.7.2 21st Energy Level
11.7.3 22nd Energy Level
11.7.4 23rd Energy Level
11.7.5 24th Energy Level
11.7.6 25th Energy Level
11.7.7 26th Energy Level
11.7.8 27th Energy Level
11.7.9 28th Energy Level
11.7.10 29th Energy Level
11.7.11 30th Energy Level
11.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.9 Electron Work Function
11.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.4.2 Number of Neutrons
12.4.3 Number of Electrons
12.5 Radius of an Atom
12.5.1 Atomic Radius
162.00 pm248.00 pm
112
265
12.5.2 Covalent Radius
170.00 pm220.00 pm
96
260
12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm303.00 pm
139
348
12.6 Atomic Weight
44.96 amu85.47 amu
6.94
294
12.7 Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.8.1 Previous Element
12.8.2 Next Element
12.9 Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
330.90 pm558.50 pm
228.58
891.25
12.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.5.2 Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa2.50 GPa
1.6
462
13.5.3 Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa2.40 GPa
1.7
528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.4 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1