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Scandium
Scandium

Rubidium
Rubidium



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Scandium vs Rubidium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Sc
Rb
1.2 Group Number
31
Gadolinium
0 17
2.2 Period Number
45
Lithium
2 7
2.3 Block
d block
s block
2.4 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
2.5 CAS Number
74402027440177
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
2.7 Space Group Number
194.00229.00
Plutonium
11 229
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1879
In 1861
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.000003 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
3.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
5.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
5.5.2 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
5.6.1 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
6.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
6.3.2 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.5.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
1,539.00 °C38.89 °C
Francium
27 3410
7.4 Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C688.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
7.6 Appearance
7.6.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
7.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
7.6.3 Luster
Lustrous
NA
7.7 Hardness
7.7.1 Mohs Hardness
NA0.30
Cesium
0.2 8.5
7.8.2 Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa0.22 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
7.10.1 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
7.13 Speed of Sound
NA1,300.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
8.2 Optical Properties
8.2.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
8.2.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
8.3 Allotropes
8.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
Sc
Rb
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
1329
Tennessine
0 38
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.360.82
Francium
0.7 2.54
9.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.020.31
Cesium
0.22 2.56
9.6.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.200.89
Cesium
0.86 1.82
9.7.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA0.69
Cesium
0.62 2.48
9.7.4 Allen Electronegativity
1.190.71
Cesium
0.659 2.7
9.8 Electropositivity
9.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.643.18
Gold
1.46 3.3
9.10 Ionization Energies
9.10.1 1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
9.10.2 2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
10.1.2 3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
10.1.6 4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
10.2.3 5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol6,850.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
10.2.5 6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol8,140.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
10.2.6 7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol9,570.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
10.2.8 8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol13,120.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
11.1.1 9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol14,500.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
11.1.2 10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol26,740.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
11.2.1 11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
19900 169988
11.3.1 12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
11.3.2 13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
11.4.1 14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
11.5.1 15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/molNA
Manganese
41987 97510
11.6.2 16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/molNA
Iron
47206 109480
11.6.3 17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/molNA
Cobalt
52737 122200
11.6.5 18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/molNA
Nickel
58570 134810
11.6.7 19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/molNA
Copper
64702 148700
11.7.1 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
11.7.2 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
11.7.3 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
11.7.4 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
11.7.5 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
11.7.6 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
11.7.7 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
11.7.8 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
11.7.9 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
11.7.10 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
11.7.11 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
11.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
11.9 Electron Work Function
3.50 eV2.16 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
11.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
2137
Lithium
3 117
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Kr] 5s1
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
2137
Lithium
3 117
12.4.2 Number of Neutrons
2448
Lithium
4 184
12.4.3 Number of Electrons
2137
Lithium
3 117
12.5 Radius of an Atom
12.5.1 Atomic Radius
162.00 pm248.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
12.5.2 Covalent Radius
170.00 pm220.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm303.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
12.6 Atomic Weight
44.96 amu85.47 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
12.7 Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.8.1 Previous Element
12.8.2 Next Element
12.9 Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
330.90 pm558.50 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
12.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
13.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
13.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
13.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
29.10 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
13.5.2 Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa2.50 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
13.5.3 Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa2.40 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
0.28NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
2.991.53
Lithium
0.53 4500
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
14.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
14.2.2 Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
15.4 Critical Temperature
NA2,093.00 K
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
15.5 Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1