1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
2.5 Block
2.6 Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
2.7 CAS Number
74403157440280
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
2.9 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %5 * 10-9 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.2.4 Abundance In Oceans
4.2.6 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
-
Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Chemical Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry
Medical Research
6.1.3 Other Uses
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.3.1 In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
231.90 °C303.50 °C
27
3410
7.4 Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C1,457.00 °C
147
5660
7.5 Appearance
7.5.1 Physical State
7.5.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
7.5.3 Luster
7.6 Hardness
7.6.1 Mohs Hardness
7.6.3 Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa26.50 MPa
0.14
3490
7.7.1 Vickers Hardness
7.9 Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s818.00 m/s
818
16200
8.3 Optical Properties
8.3.1 Refractive Index
8.3.2 Reflectivity
8.5 Allotropes
8.5.1 α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
Not Available
8.5.2 β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)
Not Available
8.5.3 γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
9.6 Electropositivity
9.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.7 Ionization Energies
9.7.1 1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.7.3 2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.5 3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.7.7 4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
9.7.9 5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
9.7.11 6th Energy Level
9.7.13 7th Energy level
9.7.15 8th Energy Level
9.7.17 9th Energy Level
9.7.18 10th Energy Level
9.7.20 11th Energy Level
9.7.22 12th Energy Level
9.7.24 13th Energy Level
9.7.26 14th Energy Level
9.7.29 15th Energy Level
9.7.31 16th Energy Level
9.7.33 17th Energy Level
9.7.35 18th Energy Level
9.7.37 19th Energy Level
9.7.39 20th Energy Level
9.7.41 21st Energy Level
9.7.43 22nd Energy Level
9.7.45 23rd Energy Level
9.7.47 24th Energy Level
9.7.49 25th Energy Level
9.7.51 26th Energy Level
9.7.53 27th Energy Level
9.7.55 28th Energy Level
9.7.57 29th Energy Level
9.8.1 30th Energy Level
9.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.11 Electron Work Function
10.2 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.5 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
11.6 Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
11.6.1 Crystal Lattice
11.7 Atom
11.7.1 Number of Protons
11.7.3 Number of Neutrons
11.7.5 Number of Electrons
11.9 Radius of an Atom
11.9.1 Atomic Radius
140.00 pm170.00 pm
112
265
11.9.3 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm145.00 pm
96
260
11.9.5 Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm196.00 pm
139
348
11.11 Atomic Weight
118.71 amu204.38 amu
6.94
294
11.13 Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.16 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.16.1 Previous Element
11.16.2 Next Element
11.17 Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.19 Lattice Constant
583.18 pm345.66 pm
228.58
891.25
11.22 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.0 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.3 Tensile Strength
13.5 Viscosity
13.7 Vapor Pressure
13.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)16.90 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
13.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.9 Elasticity properties
13.9.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa2.80 GPa
1.3
222
13.9.3 Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa43.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.9.5 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa8.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.11 Poisson Ratio
14.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
15.1.5 Permeability
15.1.7 Susceptibility
15.3 Electrical Properties
15.3.1 Electrical Property
15.3.2 Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.3.6 Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.3 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.5 Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.7 Critical Temperature
17.9 Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.11 Enthalpy
17.11.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.11.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.11.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.12 Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1