1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.6 Period Number
1.11 Block
1.12 Element Family
1.13 CAS Number
74406447440177
7429905
54386242
1.18 Space Group Name
1.19 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
4.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
4.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000003 %
1E-08
0.1
4.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
4.5.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.7.2 Abundance In Oceans
5.2.5 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
NA
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NA2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
7.1.1 In Bone
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
824.00 °C38.89 °C
27
3410
8.4 Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C688.00 °C
147
5660
8.6 Appearance
8.6.1 Physical State
8.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
8.6.3 Luster
8.7 Hardness
8.7.1 Mohs Hardness
9.2.1 Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0.14
3490
9.2.4 Vickers Hardness
9.4 Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s
818
16200
10.3 Optical Properties
10.3.1 Refractive Index
10.3.3 Reflectivity
10.5 Allotropes
10.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11 Chemical
11.1 Chemical Formula
11.2 Isotopes
11.2.1 Known Isotopes
11.3 Electronegativity
11.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
12.1.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
12.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
12.3.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
12.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
12.7 Electropositivity
12.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
12.9 Ionization Energies
12.9.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
12.9.2 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.10.2 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
12.10.4 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
12.10.7 5th Energy Level
NA6,850.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
12.10.10 6th Energy Level
NA8,140.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
12.10.12 7th Energy level
NA9,570.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
12.11.1 8th Energy Level
NA13,120.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
12.11.3 9th Energy Level
NA14,500.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
12.11.5 10th Energy Level
NA26,740.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
12.11.7 11th Energy Level
12.11.8 12th Energy Level
12.11.10 13th Energy Level
12.11.12 14th Energy Level
12.11.14 15th Energy Level
12.11.16 16th Energy Level
12.11.18 17th Energy Level
12.11.20 18th Energy Level
12.11.23 19th Energy Level
12.11.25 20th Energy Level
12.11.27 21st Energy Level
12.11.29 22nd Energy Level
12.11.31 23rd Energy Level
12.11.33 24th Energy Level
12.11.35 25th Energy Level
12.11.37 26th Energy Level
12.11.39 27th Energy Level
12.11.41 28th Energy Level
12.11.42 29th Energy Level
12.11.44 30th Energy Level
12.13 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.15 Electron Work Function
13.2 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.5 Electron Configuration
14.6 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
14.6.1 Crystal Lattice
14.7 Atom
14.7.1 Number of Protons
14.7.3 Number of Neutrons
14.7.5 Number of Electrons
14.8 Radius of an Atom
14.8.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm248.00 pm
112
265
14.9.2 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm220.00 pm
96
260
14.9.4 Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm303.00 pm
139
348
14.10 Atomic Weight
173.05 amu85.47 amu
6.94
294
14.12 Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.14.1 Previous Element
14.14.2 Next Element
14.15 Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.18 Lattice Constant
548.47 pm558.50 pm
228.58
891.25
14.20 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
14.21 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.2 Tensile Strength
16.3 Viscosity
16.5 Vapor Pressure
16.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
16.8 Elasticity properties
16.8.1 Shear Modulus
16.8.3 Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa2.50 GPa
1.6
462
16.9.2 Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa2.40 GPa
1.7
528
16.10 Poisson Ratio
16.11 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
17 Magnetic
17.1 Magnetic Characteristics
17.1.1 Specific Gravity
17.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
17.2.2 Permeability
18.1.2 Susceptibility
18.2 Electrical Properties
18.2.2 Electrical Property
18.2.3 Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
18.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.2.7 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
19.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
19.3 Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
6.3
429
19.4 Critical Temperature
26.30 K2,093.00 K
26.3
3223
19.5 Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
19.6 Enthalpy
19.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
19.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
20.1.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
20.2 Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1