Silver

Scandium

Silver Scandium Comparison

Silver

Scandium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

113

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

2.2 Block

d block

2.3 Element Family

Transition Metal

2.4 CAS Number

74402247440202

7429905 54386242

2.5 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

2.6 Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

It is the most reflective element.

Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.

It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

3.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Lars Fredrik Nilson

3.3.2 Discovery

Before 5000 BC

In 1879

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-8 %3 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

3.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

3.5.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.5.4 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.5.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

2 Uses

2.1 Uses & Benefits

Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

2.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

2.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

2.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Alloys

2.2 Biological Properties

2.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

2.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

2.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

2.3.1 In Bone

0.44 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

3 Physical

3.1 Melting Point

961.93 °C1,539.00 °C

27 3410

3.6 Boiling Point

2,212.00 °C2,832.00 °C

147 5660

3.11 Appearance

3.11.1 Physical State

Solid

3.11.2 Color

Silvery White

3.11.3 Luster

Metallic

Lustrous

3.12 Hardness

3.12.1 Mohs Hardness

2.50NA

0.2 8.5

4.1.2 Brinell Hardness

251.00 MPa750.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.1.4 Vickers Hardness

229.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.3 Speed of Sound

2,680.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.5 Optical Properties

4.5.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

97.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3613

0 38

5.4 Electronegativity

5.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.931.36

0.7 2.54

5.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.831.02

0.22 2.56

5.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.421.20

0.86 1.82

5.4.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.47NA

0.62 2.48

5.4.7 Allen Electronegativity

1.871.19

0.659 2.7

5.6 Electropositivity

5.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.072.64

1.46 3.3

6.2 Ionization Energies

6.2.1 1st Energy Level

731.00 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

6.2.4 2nd Energy Level

2,070.00 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

6.2.6 3rd Energy Level

3,361.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol

1600 34230

6.3.3 4th Energy Level

NA7,090.60 kJ/mol

2780 37066

6.3.4 5th Energy Level

NA8,843.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

6.3.6 6th Energy Level

NA10,679.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

6.3.8 7th Energy level

NA13,310.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

6.3.9 8th Energy Level

NA15,250.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

7.1.1 9th Energy Level

NA17,370.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

7.2.1 10th Energy Level

NA21,726.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

7.3.1 11th Energy Level

NA24,102.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

7.3.2 12th Energy Level

NA66,320.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

7.4.1 13th Energy Level

NA73,010.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

7.5.1 14th Energy Level

NA80,160.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

7.6.2 15th Energy Level

NA89,490.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

7.6.3 16th Energy Level

NA97,400.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

7.6.5 17th Energy Level

NA105,600.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

7.6.7 18th Energy Level

NA117,000.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

7.7.1 19th Energy Level

NA124,270.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

7.7.2 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

7.7.3 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

7.7.4 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

7.7.5 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

7.7.6 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

7.7.7 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

7.7.8 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

7.7.9 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

7.7.10 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

7.7.11 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

7.7.12 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

7.8 Electrochemical Equivalent

4.02 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

7.9 Electron Work Function

4.26 eV3.50 eV

2.14 5.65

7.10 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

8 Atomic

8.1 Atomic Number

4721

3 117

8.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

8.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

8.3.1 Crystal Lattice

8.4 Atom

8.4.1 Number of Protons

4721

3 117

8.4.2 Number of Neutrons

6124

4 184

8.4.3 Number of Electrons

4721

3 117

8.5 Radius of an Atom

8.5.1 Atomic Radius

144.00 pm162.00 pm

112 265

8.5.2 Covalent Radius

145.00 pm170.00 pm

96 260

8.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

172.00 pm211.00 pm

139 348

8.6 Atomic Weight

107.87 amu44.96 amu

6.94 294

8.7 Atomic Volume

10.30 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

8.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

8.8.1 Previous Element

8.8.2 Next Element

8.9 Valence Electron Potential

11.40 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

8.10 Lattice Constant

408.53 pm330.90 pm

228.58 891.25

8.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

8.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

9 Mechanical

9.1 Density

9.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

10.49 g/cm³2.99 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

9.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.32 g/cm32.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

9.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

9.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

9.4 Vapor Pressure

9.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

9.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA91.30 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

9.5 Elasticity properties

9.5.1 Shear Modulus

30.00 GPa29.10 GPa

1.3 222

9.5.2 Bulk Modulus

100.00 GPa56.60 GPa

1.6 462

9.5.3 Young's Modulus

83.00 GPa74.40 GPa

1.7 528

9.6 Poisson Ratio

0.370.28

0.032 0.47

9.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

10 Magnetic

10.1 Magnetic Characteristics

10.1.1 Specific Gravity

10.502.99

0.53 4500

10.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

10.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

10.1.4 Susceptibility

0.00NA

-0.000166 200000

10.2 Electrical Properties

10.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

10.2.2 Resistivity

15.87 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

10.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.63 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

10.2.4 Electron Affinity

125.60 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

11 Thermal

11.1 Specific Heat

0.24 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

11.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.35 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

11.3 Thermal Conductivity

429.00 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

11.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

11.5 Thermal Expansion

18.90 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

11.6 Enthalpy

11.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

255.10 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

11.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

11.30 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

11.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

284.50 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

11.7 Standard Molar Entropy

42.60 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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