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Gadolinium
Gadolinium

Thorium
Thorium



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Gadolinium
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Thorium

Gadolinium Thorium Comparison

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Gd
Th
1.2 Group Number
Tennessine Metal
0
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
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1.4 Period Number
Uranium Metal
6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
7
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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1.5 Block
f block
f block
2.2 Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
2.3 CAS Number
Roentgenium Met..
7440542
Rank: 33 (Overall)
7440326
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
2.4 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
2.6 Space Group Number
Sodium Metal
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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3 Facts
3.2 Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
3.3 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
3.4 History
3.4.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
3.5.2 Discovery
In 1880
In 1829
3.6 Abundance
3.6.1 Abundance In Universe
Iron Metal
2 * 10-7 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
3 * 10-4 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
3.6.3 Abundance In Sun
Iron Metal
~0.0000002 %
Rank: 25 (Overall)
~0.0004 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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3.6.5 Abundance In Meteorites
Iron Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0.05 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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3.7.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
Aluminium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 30 (Overall)
0.66 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Radium Metal
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3.8.1 Abundance In Oceans
Sodium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 38 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
3.8.4 Abundance In Humans
Calcium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium Metal
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4 Uses
4.2 Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
4.2.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.2.3 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.2.5 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
4.3 Biological Properties
5.0.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
27% Lanthanide Series Metals have it !
7% Actinide Series Metals have it !
5.2.3 In Blood
Sodium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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5.3.2 In Bone
Calcium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0.02 p.p.m.
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
Tungsten Metal
1,311.00 °C
Rank: 35 (Overall)
1,750.00 °C
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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6.2 Boiling Point
Tungsten Metal
3,233.00 °C
Rank: 25 (Overall)
4,790.00 °C
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
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6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
6.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silver
6.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
3.00
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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6.4.3 Brinell Hardness
Osmium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
390.00 MPa
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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6.5.2 Vickers Hardness
Tungsten Metal
510.00 MPa
Rank: 22 (Overall)
295.00 MPa
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Palladium Metal
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6.7 Speed of Sound
Technetium Metal
2,680.00 m/s
Rank: 34 (Overall)
2,490.00 m/s
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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6.8 Optical Properties
6.8.1 Refractive Index
Palladium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
6.8.3 Reflectivity
Silver Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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6.9 Allotropes
No Lanthanide Series Metals has it !
No Actinide Series Metals has it !
6.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
Gd
Th
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
Palladium Metal
26
Rank: 13 (Overall)
28
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
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7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
Gold Metal
1.20
Rank: 39 (Overall)
1.30
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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7.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Gallium Metal
1.11
Rank: 29 (Overall)
1.11
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Polonium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
Berkelium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.4 Electropositivity
7.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
Francium Metal
2.80
Rank: 15 (Overall)
2.70
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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7.5 Ionization Energies
7.5.1 1st Energy Level
Chromium Metal
593.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 56 (Overall)
587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
7.5.3 2nd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
1,170.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 65 (Overall)
1,110.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
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7.5.5 3rd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
1,990.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 75 (Overall)
1,978.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 77 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
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7.5.7 4th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
4,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 30 (Overall)
2,780.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Thorium Metal
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7.5.9 5th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
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7.5.11 6th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
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7.5.13 7th Energy level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
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7.5.15 8th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium Metal
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7.5.17 9th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
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7.5.20 10th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium Metal
7.5.22 11th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
7.5.24 12th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
7.5.26 13th Energy Level
Titanium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
7.5.29 14th Energy Level
Vanadium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
7.5.32 15th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese Metal
7.6.1 16th Energy Level
Manganese Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron Metal
7.7.1 17th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
8.1.1 18th Energy Level
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel Metal
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8.4.2 19th Energy Level
Nickel Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper Metal
8.4.4 20th Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.4.6 21st Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.5.2 22nd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.5.3 23rd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.5.5 24th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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8.6.1 25th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.7.1 26th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.7.2 27th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.9.1 28th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.9.2 29th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.9.3 30th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
8.11 Electrochemical Equivalent
Francium Metal
1.96 g/amp-hr
Rank: 32 (Overall)
2.16 g/amp-hr
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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8.12 Electron Work Function
Platinum Metal
3.10 eV
Rank: 35 (Overall)
3.41 eV
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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8.15 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
Tennessine Metal
64
Rank: 52 (Overall)
90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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9.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
9.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
Tennessine Metal
64
Rank: 51 (Overall)
90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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10.1.3 Number of Neutrons
Flerovium Metal
93
Rank: 37 (Overall)
142
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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10.1.4 Number of Electrons
Tennessine Metal
64
Rank: 51 (Overall)
90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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10.3 Radius of an Atom
10.3.1 Atomic Radius
Cesium Metal
180.00 pm
Rank: 14 (Overall)
179.80 pm
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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10.4.1 Covalent Radius
Francium Metal
196.00 pm
Rank: 14 (Overall)
206.00 pm
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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10.5.2 Van der Waals Radius
Francium Metal
237.00 pm
Rank: 15 (Overall)
237.00 pm
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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10.6 Atomic Weight
Tennessine Metal
47.87 amu
Rank: 78 (Overall)
232.04 amu
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
10.8 Atomic Volume
Cesium Metal
19.90 cm3/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
19.90 cm3/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
Platinum Metal
46.10 (-eV)
Rank: 34 (Overall)
59.30 (-eV)
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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10.11 Lattice Constant
Manganese Metal
363.60 pm
Rank: 32 (Overall)
508.42 pm
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
10.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
Cadmium Metal
1.59
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
Hassium Metal
7.90 g/cm3
Rank: 51 (Overall)
11.72 g/cm3
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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12.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Osmium Metal
7.40 g/cm3
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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12.2 Tensile Strength
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium Metal
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12.4 Viscosity
Mercury Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
12.5 Vapor Pressure
12.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Strontium Metal
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 30 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium Metal
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12.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Chromium Metal
7.39 (Pa)
Rank: 9 (Overall)
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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13.2 Elasticity properties
13.2.1 Shear Modulus
Osmium Metal
21.80 GPa
Rank: 33 (Overall)
31.00 GPa
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
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13.3.1 Bulk Modulus
Osmium Metal
37.90 GPa
Rank: 34 (Overall)
54.00 GPa
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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13.4.1 Young's Modulus
Iridium Metal
54.80 GPa
Rank: 35 (Overall)
79.00 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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13.6 Poisson Ratio
Gallium Metal
0.26
Rank: 23 (Overall)
0.27
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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13.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
Cobalt Metal
7.90
Rank: 40 (Overall)
11.70
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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14.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.2.3 Permeability
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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14.2.5 Susceptibility
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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14.3 Electrical Properties
14.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
14.3.2 Resistivity
Mercury Metal
1.31 nΩ·m
Rank: 56 (Overall)
157.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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14.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
Silver Metal
0.01 106/cm Ω
Rank: 62 (Overall)
0.07 106/cm Ω
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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14.4.2 Electron Affinity
Gold Metal
50.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
Lithium Metal
0.23 J/(kg K)
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.12 J/(kg K)
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Americium Metal
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
Americium Metal
37.03 J/mol·K
Rank: 2 (Overall)
26.23 J/mol·K
Rank: 30 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
Silver Metal
10.60 W/m·K
Rank: 64 (Overall)
54.00 W/m·K
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
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15.4 Critical Temperature
Lithium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
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15.5 Thermal Expansion
Cesium Metal
9.40 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 42 (Overall)
11.00 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
Tungsten Metal
359.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
429.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
Tungsten Metal
10.05 kJ/mol
Rank: 36 (Overall)
15.48 kJ/mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
Tungsten Metal
352.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 27 (Overall)
468.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
Protactinium Me..
68.10 J/mol.K
Rank: 16 (Overall)
27.30 J/mol.K
Rank: 56 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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